Letter of Credit

A letter of credit is a document that a financial institution or similar party issues to a seller of goods or services which provides that the issuer will pay the seller for goods or services the seller delivers to a third-party buyer.^[1] The issuer then seeks reimbursement from the buyer or from the buyer's bank. The document serves essentially as a guarantee to the seller that it will be paid by the issuer of the letter of credit regardless of whether the buyer ultimately fails to pay. In this way, the risk that the buyer will fail to pay is transferred from the seller to the letter of credit's issuer.
Letters of credit are used primarily in international trade for large transactions between a supplier in one country and a customer in another. In such cases, the International Chamber of Commerce Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits applies (UCP 600 being the latest version).^[2] They are also used in the land development process to ensure that approved public facilities (streets, sidewalks, storm water ponds, etc.) will be built. The parties to a letter of credit are the supplier, usually called the beneficiary, the issuing bank, of whom the buyer is a client, and sometimes an advising bank, of whom the beneficiary is a client. Almost all letters of credit are irrevocable, i.e., cannot be amended or canceled without the consent of the beneficiary, issuing bank, and confirming bank, if any. In executing a transaction, letters of credit incorporate functions common to giros and traveler's cheques.

LAW

Law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior.^[3] Laws are made by governments, specifically by their legislatures. The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution (written or unwritten) and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics and society in countless ways and serves as a social mediator of relations between people.
A general distinction can be made between civil law jurisdictions (including Canon and Socialist law), in which the legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates their laws, and common law systems (including Islamic law), where judge-made binding precedents are accepted. In some countries, religion may inform the law. for example in jurisdictions that practice Islamic law, Jewish law or Canon law.
The adjudication of the law is generally divided into two main areas. Criminal law deals with conduct that is considered harmful to social order and in which the guilty party may be imprisoned or fined. Civil law (not to be confused with civil law jurisdictions above) deals with the resolution of lawsuits (disputes) between individuals or organizations. These resolutions seek to provide a legal remedy (often monetary damages) to the winning litigant.
Under civil law, the following specialties, among others, exist: Contract law regulates everything from buying a bus ticket to trading on derivatives markets. Property law regulates the transfer and title of personal property and real property. Trust law applies to assets held for investment and financial security. Tort law allows claims for compensation if a person's property are harmed. Constitutional law provides a framework for the creation of law, the protection of human rights and the election of political representatives. Administrative law is used to review the decisions of government agencies. International law governs affairs between sovereign states in activities ranging from trade to military action.
To implement and enforce the law and provide services to the public, a government's bureaucracy, the military and police are vital. While all these organs of the state are creatures created and bound by law, an independent legal profession and a vibrant civil society inform and support their progress^{[citation needed]}.
Law provides a rich source of scholarly inquiry into legal history, philosophy, economic analysis and sociology. Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, and justice. "In its majestic equality", said the author Anatole France in 1894, "the law forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, beg in the streets and steal loaves of bread."^[4] Writing in 350 BCE, the Greek philosopher Aristotle declared, "The rule of law is better than the rule of any individual."^[5]
In a presidential democracy, the constitution is sovereign and the central institutions for interpreting and creating law are the three main branches of government, namely an impartial judiciary, a democratic legislature, and an accountable executive. In parliamentary systems, the legislature is sovereign and appoints one of its members as the executive (often called the prime minister). The judicial branch is under the parliament.
by : wikipedia

Advocate and Lawyer

An Advocate is a type of professional lawyer in several different legal systems. These include Scotland, Belgium, South Africa, India, Scandinavian jurisdictions, Israel, and the British Crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man. The broad equivalent in many English law-based jurisdictions is "barrister".
A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law; as an attorney, counsel or solicitor; a person who is practicing law."^[1] Law is the system of rules of conduct established by the sovereign government of a society to correct wrongs, maintain the stability of political and social authority, and deliver justice. Working as a lawyer involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific individualized problems, or to advance the interests of those who retain (i.e., hire) lawyers to perform legal services.

PANCASILA

Pancasila (pronounced [pantʃaˈsila]) is the official philosophical foundation of the Indonesian state. Pancasila consists of two Old Javanese words (originally from Sanskrit), "pañca" meaning five, and "sīla" meaning principles. It comprises five principles held to be inseparable and interrelated:

1. Belief in the one and only God,. This principle emphasizes belief in God. It also implies that the Indonesian people believe in life after death. It emphasizes that the pursuit of sacred values will lead the people to a better life in the hereafter. The principle is embodied in the 1945 Constitution and reads: "The state shall be based on the belief in the one and only God". It is represented by a celestial object, the golden star, against black background in the center of the shield of the Garuda Pancasila.
2. Just and civilized humanity, .This principle requires that human beings be treated with due regard to their dignity as God’s creatures. It emphasizes that the Indonesian people do not tolerate physical or spiritual oppression of human beings by their own people or by any other nation. The chain at the lower right of the shield symbolizes successive generations of humanity; the square links represent men while the rounded ones represent women.
3. The unity of Indonesia, This principle embodies the concept of nationalism, of love for one’s nation and motherland. It envisages the need to always foster national unity and integrity. Pancasila nationalism demands that Indonesians avoid feelings of superiority on the grounds of ethnicity, for reasons of ancestry and skin color. In his 1 June 1945 speech, Sukarno quoted Gandhi: I am a nationalist, but my nationalism is humanity.^[4] The Indonesian coat of arms enshrines the symbol of "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" which means "unity in diversity". This is represented on the shield by the banyan tree at top right. The banyan tree symbolize a collection of multitude branches and leafs, symbolize unity of diverse elements. The shading large tree also symbolize protection.
4. Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations amongst representatives . Pancasila democracy calls for decision-making through deliberations, or musyawarah, to reach a consensus, or mufakat. It implies that voting is not encouraged as long as deliberation is possible. It is democracy that lives up to the principles of Pancasila. The head of the bull at top left stands for this sila. The buffalo, or more precisely the water buffalo is an important domesticated animal in Indonesian traditional agricultural society, therefore it symbolize democracy, the strength of the people.
5. Social justice for all of the people of Indonesia. This principle calls for the equitable spread of welfare to the entire population, not in a static but in a dynamic and progressive way. This means that all of the country’s natural resources and the national potentials should be utilized for the greatest possible good and happiness of the people. Social justice implies protection of the weak. But protection should not deny them work. On the contrary, they should work according to their abilities and fields of activity. Protection should prevent willful treatment by the strong and ensure the rule of justice. This is symbolized by the paddy and cotton ears on the shield. In Indonesian culture, rice and cotton represent the fulfilment of food and clothing needs, therefore symbolize prosperity

The Preamble of Indonesia Constitution

1945 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

PREAMBLE

Whereas independence is a genuine right of all nations and any form of alien occupation should thus be erased from the earth as not in conformity with humanity and justice,
Whereas the struggle of the Indonesian independence movement has reached the blissful point of leading the Indonesian people safely and well before the monumental gate of an independent Indonesian State which shall be free, united, sovereign, just and prosperous,
By the grace of God Almighty and urged by the lofty aspiration to exist as a free nation,
Now therefore, the people of Indonesia declare herewith their independence,
Pursuant to which, in order to form a Government of the State of Indonesia that shall protect the whole people of Indonesia and the entire homeland of Indonesia, and in order to advance general prosperity, to develop the nation’s intellectual life, and to contribute to the implementation of a world order based on freedom, lasting peace and social justice, Indonesia’s National Independence shall be laid down in a Constitution of the State of Indonesia, which is to be established as the State of the Republic of Indonesia with sovereignty of the people and based on the belief in the One and Only God, on just and civilized humanity, on the unity of Indonesia and on democratic rule that is guided by the strength of wisdom resulting from deliberation / representation, so as to realize social justice for all the people of Indonesia.

Daluarsa Pidana (KUHP)

Bahwa, dalam hokum pidana terdapat apa yang disebut dengan “daluarsa”, dimana daluarsa tersebut  diatur dalam ketentuan pasal 78 KUHP, sebagai berikut :

Pasal 78

                              1.      Kewenangan menuntut pidana hapus karena daluwarsa:

1)   mengenai semua pelanggaran dan kejahatan yang dilakukan dengan percetakan sesudah satu tahun;

2)   mengenai kejahatan yang diancam dengan pidana denda, pidana kurungan, atau pidana penjara paling lama tiga tahun, sesudah enam tahun;

3)    mengenai kejahatan yang diancam dengan pidana penjara lebih dari tiga tahun, sesudah dua belas tahun;

4)   mengenai kejahatan yang diancam dengan pidana mati atau pidana penjara seumur hidup, sesudah delapan belas tahun.

                              2.      Bagi orang yang pada saat melakukan perbuatan umurnya belum delapan belas tahun, masing-masing tenggang daluwarsa di atas dikurangi menjadi sepertiga.

Menurut Soeroso memberikan penjelasan pasal 78 KUHP pada KUHP, adalah sebagai berikut :

“Pasal ini mengatur tentang gugurnya hak penuntutan hokum (strafsactie) karena lewat waktunya yaitu hak untuk menuntut seseorang dimuka hakim supaya dijatuhi hukuman ”

Bahwa, adapun batas waktu berlakunya daluarsa adalah pada hari sesudah perbuatan pidana dilakukan, hal ini diatur dalam ketentuan pasal 79 KUHP

JUAL BELI TANAH MENURUT HUKUM ADAT

Bahwa, ketentuan pasal 1458 KUHPerdata sebagai berikut :

“Jual beli dianggap telah terjadi antara kedua belah pihak, sgra stelah orang-orang itu mencapai kesepakatan tentang barang tersebut bsrta harganya, meskipun barang itu belum diserahkan dan harganya belum dibayar”

Bahwa, jual beli yang dimaksud adalah jual beli dengan objek sebidang tanah ulayat, Dimana yang dimaksud dengan hak atas tanah ulayat tersebut harus dapat dibuktikan, sebagaimana menurut Keputusan No.5 Tahun 1999 Menteri Negara Pertanian/Kepala Badan Pertanahan Nasional, Pasal 1 ayat (2), sebagai berikut :

“tanah ulayat adalah bidang tanah yang di atasnya terdapat hak ulayat dari suatu masyarakat hukum adat tertentu”

Bahwa, adapun yurisprudensi mengenai jual beli menurut hokum  adat adalah sebagai berikut :

Ø  Putusan Mahkamah Agung R.I. tanggal 27 Mei 1975 Nomor : 952/K/Sip/1974, yang menyatakan sebagai berikut:

“Jual beli adalah sah apabila telah memenuhi syarat-syarat dalam KUHPerdata dan Hukum Adat, jual beli menurut hukum adat secara riil, dan tunai serta diketahui Kepala Desa”

Ø  Putusan Mahkamah Agung R.I. tanggal 30 Juni 1989 Nomor : 3339/Pdt/Sip/1987, yang menyatakan sebagai berikut:

“sahnya jual beli menurut hukum adat haruslah dipenuhi dua syarat yaitui tunai dan terang”

Demikian pula, menurut Maria S.W. Sumardjono (2001:119) untuk sahnya suatu jual beli atas sebidang tanah dan atau bangunan harus memenuhi unsur-unsur sebagai berikut:

a)   RIIl (Konkret) : dalam hal perbuatan jual beli maka hak atas tanah yang menjadi objek perjanjian harus nyata-nyata sudah ada sehingga pada saat itu juga sudah dapat diserahkan kepemilikannya kepada pembeli;

b)   TUNAI : dalam hal terjadi perbuatan jual beli maka penyerahan barang yang dijual dan penyerahan uang pembelian harus dilakukan pada saat yang sama, sehingga prestasi dan kontra prestasi antara penjual dan pembeli dilakukan secara bersamaan; dengan demikian Akta Jual beli yang dibuat oleh NOTARIS pembayaran harganya dilakukan secara penuh atau lunas.

c)    TERANG : pelaksanaan jual beli itu harus dilaksakan dihadapan pejabat yang berwenang (PPAT)